Middle East
Notes
Palestine (1920-1940)
Palestinians unhappy
Zionists immigrate
Palestinians vs Jewish
Palestinians were not happy- fight back
White Paper
Tells Palestinians to sit tight- we are going to suspend Jewish immigration
“Black Paper”
Come into effect in 1948- after British Mandate ends
David Ben Gurion- First President of Isreal
Dismay in the Arab world
Arab out gunned and out planned
Israel smashed Arab
Palestinians want their homes back
Israelis say its' their home now
Terror attacks seen since the Arab-Israeli war
Israel has flourished
1970's and up the politics have been disjointed
Major discussion about two state solution
King Faruk- Egypt
Tried to be a secular leader
US puppet
Hated by the people of Egypt
Austed by Gamal Nasser
Gamal Nasser
Deal with Egypts energy problems
Major public works
Needs money- talks to the USA and USSR
Aswan Dam
USA finds out about Nasser borrowing money from USSR and pulls out
Calls up China becasue he needs money to build Aswan Dam
China suggests that they become communist
Suez Canal as a way to make money to fund Aswan Dam
Owned by English and French cooperations
The Suez Crisis
Built to make travel through the horn of Africa easier
Nasser nationalizes the canal and uses funds to build the Aswan dam
Hungary moves towards deomocratic reforms (Nagy)
Soviets kill thousands- Whole world is watching (communism looks bad)
British, French and Israel team up to take back the Suez Canal
Octover 1956- attack
USA is extremely angry because they did not warn them- Whole world shifts attention (democracy looks bad)
Canada comes in with the UN and Lester Pearson and creates Peace Keepers (uncomfortable cease fire)
The Six Day War
Egypt gets allies- Syria, Jordan, Egypt
Goal is to make Israel cease to exist
Isreal attacks Egypt
Israelis launch an air strike on Egypts air forces for 6 hours (war is over)
Smash syrians in the north and occupy the entire Sinai peninsula, West bank, Gaza strip and the Golan Heights (all of Palestine is now Israeli)
Gaza is used as a refugee camp
Creates a massive refugee crisis
Refugees form the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)
People in PLO have NOTHING left to loose
Terrorism- new form of war
Invented by the PLO in response to Israeli occupation of the Middle East
Palesinians believe that the only way to get their voice heard is through terrorist attacks
Hijacking
Attacks-
Soviets back Syria
US backs Israel
USA sends emergancy funds and materials to Israel
Galvanizes Arab opinion
Israel holds onto most of Land except for areas around the Suez Canal
Sedat is labelled as a hero in Egypt
He gets American support
Agreement include Israel vacating the Suez Canal
OPEC- Oil and petrolem exporting countries (Middle East)
Response to the 6 day war
Formed in 1967 because the West was increasing its oil use by 5% every year at very low costs
The Shah of Iran was the most outspoken critic (Shah= King)
The embargo backfires through trade relationships
1973-
USA finds oil in the Gulf of Mexico and Alaska
Led by Ayatollah Khomeini
The Shah is now out (seen as a puppet of the US- later found in exile in US)
Puts pressure on the American Saudi-Arabia relationship (tight relationship, allies)- Pure buisness relationship
Ayatollah refers to the US as the "great satan"
Iran- Iraq War
Backed by American promises of money
Momey coming in will out way the public relations cost
Agreement was reached- Egyptian control of the Siani Peninsula and the Gaza Strip
In response Egypt officially recongnizes Israel
Egypt is ostrazied by the Arab world
Seen as a hero by the West
Sedat is assasinated in Egypt
Palestinians unhappy
Zionists immigrate
Palestinians vs Jewish
- Protests aimed at the British
- 1937- The British decide to fix problem
Palestinians were not happy- fight back
White Paper
- 1939- Churchill writes the White Paper
Tells Palestinians to sit tight- we are going to suspend Jewish immigration
“Black Paper”
- 1945- ⅔ of population are Arab, ⅓ is Jewish
- 1947- the UN comes up with a plan
Come into effect in 1948- after British Mandate ends
David Ben Gurion- First President of Isreal
Dismay in the Arab world
- 1948- Arab world arms
- 1948- 1st Arab-Israeli war
Arab out gunned and out planned
Israel smashed Arab
Palestinians want their homes back
Israelis say its' their home now
Terror attacks seen since the Arab-Israeli war
Israel has flourished
1970's and up the politics have been disjointed
Major discussion about two state solution
King Faruk- Egypt
Tried to be a secular leader
US puppet
Hated by the people of Egypt
Austed by Gamal Nasser
Gamal Nasser
Deal with Egypts energy problems
Major public works
Needs money- talks to the USA and USSR
Aswan Dam
USA finds out about Nasser borrowing money from USSR and pulls out
Calls up China becasue he needs money to build Aswan Dam
China suggests that they become communist
Suez Canal as a way to make money to fund Aswan Dam
Owned by English and French cooperations
The Suez Crisis
- 1956- The Suez Crisis, Soviet Invasion of Budapest
Built to make travel through the horn of Africa easier
Nasser nationalizes the canal and uses funds to build the Aswan dam
Hungary moves towards deomocratic reforms (Nagy)
Soviets kill thousands- Whole world is watching (communism looks bad)
British, French and Israel team up to take back the Suez Canal
Octover 1956- attack
USA is extremely angry because they did not warn them- Whole world shifts attention (democracy looks bad)
Canada comes in with the UN and Lester Pearson and creates Peace Keepers (uncomfortable cease fire)
The Six Day War
- 1967- The Six Day War
Egypt gets allies- Syria, Jordan, Egypt
Goal is to make Israel cease to exist
Isreal attacks Egypt
Israelis launch an air strike on Egypts air forces for 6 hours (war is over)
Smash syrians in the north and occupy the entire Sinai peninsula, West bank, Gaza strip and the Golan Heights (all of Palestine is now Israeli)
Gaza is used as a refugee camp
Creates a massive refugee crisis
Refugees form the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)
People in PLO have NOTHING left to loose
Terrorism- new form of war
Invented by the PLO in response to Israeli occupation of the Middle East
Palesinians believe that the only way to get their voice heard is through terrorist attacks
Hijacking
- 1972- Munich Olympics
- 1970- Nasser dies in Septemeber
- 1973- Anwar Sedat (Egypt) takes over and says, "This is our year of Decision
Attacks-
- Senai Peninsula
- Golan Heights
Soviets back Syria
US backs Israel
USA sends emergancy funds and materials to Israel
Galvanizes Arab opinion
Israel holds onto most of Land except for areas around the Suez Canal
Sedat is labelled as a hero in Egypt
He gets American support
Agreement include Israel vacating the Suez Canal
OPEC- Oil and petrolem exporting countries (Middle East)
- 1973-OPEC delcares economic warfare on the US
Response to the 6 day war
Formed in 1967 because the West was increasing its oil use by 5% every year at very low costs
The Shah of Iran was the most outspoken critic (Shah= King)
The embargo backfires through trade relationships
1973-
- Vietman wrapping up
- Cold War (period of detente) 1. USSR+ USA- Brezhneut and Nixon 2. China+ USA- Mao and Nixon (Ping pong diplomacy)
USA finds oil in the Gulf of Mexico and Alaska
- 1979- Iran's economy (based on oil exports) is on downhill slope
Led by Ayatollah Khomeini
The Shah is now out (seen as a puppet of the US- later found in exile in US)
Puts pressure on the American Saudi-Arabia relationship (tight relationship, allies)- Pure buisness relationship
Ayatollah refers to the US as the "great satan"
- 1980- oil begins a 5 year decline
Iran- Iraq War
- 1980- Iraq invades Iran
- 1988- The Iran- Iraq War ends
- 1977- Sedat visits Israel
Backed by American promises of money
Momey coming in will out way the public relations cost
- 1978- Sedat meets with the Israel President at Camp David with Carter
Agreement was reached- Egyptian control of the Siani Peninsula and the Gaza Strip
In response Egypt officially recongnizes Israel
Egypt is ostrazied by the Arab world
Seen as a hero by the West
Sedat is assasinated in Egypt
Subjuntive Question
What would have happened if the British did not turn the Israeli- Palestinian problem over to the UN?
Quote
"We shall not enter Palestine with its soil covered in sand, we shall enter it with its soil saturated in blood" -President of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser
3,2,1
3 Words
- Religion
- Hatred
- Chaos
- How would each of the wars ended differently if USA did not back Israel and Iraq?
- Would Israel have been wiped out if they weren't able to quickly retaliate against the Egyptians in the Yom Kippur War?
- The Arabs are like a ticking bombs waiting to blow up Israel.
Blog
"Let me tell you something that we Israelis have against Moses. He took us 40 years through the desert in order to bring us to the one spot in the Middle East that has no oil!"
Golda Meir
Consider the quote by Golda Meir and address the following statement: The conflicts that rage across the Middle East entire are conflicts over oil and not about Nationalism or statehood.
The Middle East has been a major centre for controversy since the 1920’s. Most of the controversy is focused on the ongoing fight for land between Egypt, Israel and the Arabs. Although most of the wars occurring in the Middle East since the 20th century have been about statehood and Nationalism, the USA gets involved and backs Israel to secure their oil reserves. The USA also plays a major role in the Iran-Iraq War, a war over oil and religion. While two of the three major wars, The Six Day War and The Yom Kippur War, that occurred in the Middle East were conflicts over Nationalism, the USA has always had an underlying motive to back Israel to ensure that they had a base in the Middle East to secure oil reserves; the third major war, The Iran- Iraq War, was a war concerning religion and oil.
The Six Day War in 1967 was a war about statehood. Egypt's goal in the Six Day War was to make Israel cease to exist and gain back the land they had lost with the help of their allies, Syria and Jordan. Egypt wished to make Israel disappear because of the humiliation the Israeli’s caused them in the Suez Crisis. Despite Egypt having the plan to attack, Israel launched the first air stride on Egypt. This attack lasted 6 hours; in these 6 hours, Israeli took down Egypt's entire airforce and the war was essentially over. Israel also attacked Syria in the north. By the end of the Six Day War, Israel had occupied the entire Sinai Peninsula, West bank, Gaza strip and the Golan Heights. All of Palestine was now Israel making the Six Day War a war about statehood.
Moreover, the Yom Kippur War was also a war in which Israel and Egypt fought over land. Gamal Nassar died in September of 1970 and was replaced by Anwar Sedat who claimed, “This is our year of decision” (1973). With the aid of the Soviets backing Syria, Syria and Egypt attacked Israel, specifically the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights on the famous Jewish holiday, Yom Kippur. The USA backed Israel and sent them emergency funds and materials to ensure that their oil reserve in the middle east remained secure. Israel was able to hold onto the majority of the land they had previously captured with the exception of areas around the Suez Canal. As a result of this conflict, Sedat is labelled as a hero in Egypt and gains American support.
Conversely, the Iran-Iraq war was seen as a war over oil and religion. In 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the Shah and OPEC placed an embargo on oil to the USA. This embargo was a response to the Six Day War, as well as the Ayatollah’s hatred for the USA (religion), “Great Satan.” The Shah was seen as an American puppet, so when he was overthrown the USA sent billions and billions of dollars and weapons to Iraq to fight Iran and consequently begun a proxy war in the Middle East. The USA’s main goal was to rid of the Ayatollah. which would ensure that they would start to receive oil the way they were previously. For these reasons, the Iran-Iraq War was a conflict regarding oil and religion, not Nationalism or statehood.
The Iran-Iraq War was fought for reasons different than the Six Day War and the Yom Kippur War. The two latter were wars over land fought between Egypt (Syria and Jordan) and Israel. The Six Day War was centralized on the idea of statehood and making Israel an independent state by taking all the land that was previously known as Palestine and the Yom Kippur War was the process of Egypt and Syria trying to take back the land that Israel had gained in the Six Day War. The USA played a major role in both of these wars because they wanted to ensure that they had a secure oil reserve in the Middle East. The Iran-Iraq War was fought because of the Ayatollah’s harsh religious hatred towards the USA which led to the USA receiving no oil from OPEC. While the majority of the wars in the Middle East were fought over statehood and Nationalism, the Iran-Iraq War was a war over oil.
Golda Meir
Consider the quote by Golda Meir and address the following statement: The conflicts that rage across the Middle East entire are conflicts over oil and not about Nationalism or statehood.
The Middle East has been a major centre for controversy since the 1920’s. Most of the controversy is focused on the ongoing fight for land between Egypt, Israel and the Arabs. Although most of the wars occurring in the Middle East since the 20th century have been about statehood and Nationalism, the USA gets involved and backs Israel to secure their oil reserves. The USA also plays a major role in the Iran-Iraq War, a war over oil and religion. While two of the three major wars, The Six Day War and The Yom Kippur War, that occurred in the Middle East were conflicts over Nationalism, the USA has always had an underlying motive to back Israel to ensure that they had a base in the Middle East to secure oil reserves; the third major war, The Iran- Iraq War, was a war concerning religion and oil.
The Six Day War in 1967 was a war about statehood. Egypt's goal in the Six Day War was to make Israel cease to exist and gain back the land they had lost with the help of their allies, Syria and Jordan. Egypt wished to make Israel disappear because of the humiliation the Israeli’s caused them in the Suez Crisis. Despite Egypt having the plan to attack, Israel launched the first air stride on Egypt. This attack lasted 6 hours; in these 6 hours, Israeli took down Egypt's entire airforce and the war was essentially over. Israel also attacked Syria in the north. By the end of the Six Day War, Israel had occupied the entire Sinai Peninsula, West bank, Gaza strip and the Golan Heights. All of Palestine was now Israel making the Six Day War a war about statehood.
Moreover, the Yom Kippur War was also a war in which Israel and Egypt fought over land. Gamal Nassar died in September of 1970 and was replaced by Anwar Sedat who claimed, “This is our year of decision” (1973). With the aid of the Soviets backing Syria, Syria and Egypt attacked Israel, specifically the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights on the famous Jewish holiday, Yom Kippur. The USA backed Israel and sent them emergency funds and materials to ensure that their oil reserve in the middle east remained secure. Israel was able to hold onto the majority of the land they had previously captured with the exception of areas around the Suez Canal. As a result of this conflict, Sedat is labelled as a hero in Egypt and gains American support.
Conversely, the Iran-Iraq war was seen as a war over oil and religion. In 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the Shah and OPEC placed an embargo on oil to the USA. This embargo was a response to the Six Day War, as well as the Ayatollah’s hatred for the USA (religion), “Great Satan.” The Shah was seen as an American puppet, so when he was overthrown the USA sent billions and billions of dollars and weapons to Iraq to fight Iran and consequently begun a proxy war in the Middle East. The USA’s main goal was to rid of the Ayatollah. which would ensure that they would start to receive oil the way they were previously. For these reasons, the Iran-Iraq War was a conflict regarding oil and religion, not Nationalism or statehood.
The Iran-Iraq War was fought for reasons different than the Six Day War and the Yom Kippur War. The two latter were wars over land fought between Egypt (Syria and Jordan) and Israel. The Six Day War was centralized on the idea of statehood and making Israel an independent state by taking all the land that was previously known as Palestine and the Yom Kippur War was the process of Egypt and Syria trying to take back the land that Israel had gained in the Six Day War. The USA played a major role in both of these wars because they wanted to ensure that they had a secure oil reserve in the Middle East. The Iran-Iraq War was fought because of the Ayatollah’s harsh religious hatred towards the USA which led to the USA receiving no oil from OPEC. While the majority of the wars in the Middle East were fought over statehood and Nationalism, the Iran-Iraq War was a war over oil.